2.
  -2021
..  
 
(    )
:      :60
:    -    ,        
              -E  
-
1.   ?        
2.             :
() 
()   ?
-
3.       :
() 
() 
4.      
2.
-
5.        
6.              ?
-
7.              

8.        
  -2021
..  
 
(    )
:      :60
:    -    ,        
              -E  
-
1.   ?        
:󷩀󷨹󷨺󷨻󷩁󷩂󷨼󷨽󷨾󷨿:      
2.
     ,             
              ,  
    ,      " ," 

  , "              
,       ,      "
 ,        
    , 
 ,   ,              ,  
    
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹  ?
  ,               
  -  , , ,          
       ,    "" 
       

 :
:,     
:     -        -  
:    -, ,   
: ,   -     
  ,  ,  ,   ,   
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀    :    
  
    -    "" ,        
-               ,
         
  "   "   ,      
  
 :
 :    
 :   
 :      
 :    
   :     
  :   , , 
2.
 ,    , -        
 , 
󷨕󷨓󷨔      
-         ,     
       :
1.󻏯󻏰󻏱󻏲󻏳󻏴󻏵󻏶󻏷󻏸󻏹  
    
 
, ,           
 
   '     (  , )
 -           
  
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  :  ,       '   
     ,          - 
        
2.󺪧󺪨󺪩󺪪 
  ,         
 
   -    
          
       ,       
    
3.󹖴󹖵󹖪󹖫󹖬󹖭󹖮󹖯󹖰󹖱󹖲󹖶󹖷󹖸󹖹󹖳    
  ,        
 -,       
       
 
         
       ,       
     
4.󼪦󼪧󼪩󼪨󼪪󼪫󼪬  
- -        
2.
        
 -  
 ,     
-      
      
           
5.󼨐󼨑󼨒   
     
        
          
     ,        -  
 
6.󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇   
,  ,       
       
,         
     
 -          
       
7.󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚    
 , ,       
        ,    
   ,    '   
     ,         
   
 
8.󹲟󹲠󹲡󹲢    
, , , , ,       

 ,     ,       
 
    (, , )    
        -        -
      
2.
󷆫󷆪 :          
      ,   -      
  :
 

 
 
 
             ,     
,        '    -    
 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
   ,           
       :
   
    
    
   
        -      
 
󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷 :    ,     
     

 -    -    
 
        '  
,  ,    '   
           ,     
   - ,  , -   -    
   ,    
 -     
    
,    ,         -    
,            
2.             :
() 
2.
()   ?
: 󷨁󷨂󷨃󷨄󷨅󷨈󷨆󷨇   :        
               
,                  ,
     ,       ,    -
                 
   :          
  
 ,  
        
 -  ,  ,
               
 
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔 A:         
          ,       
 '       :
1.󷆫󷆪   
        
 
            
    
  -            
       
       
2.󺠟󺠠󺠡󺠢  
     ,     
, ,        
         
 
       
3.󷃆󺡌󺡍  
              
          
 
   - ,            
4.󺝼󺝽󺝾󺝿󺞀󺞂󺞃󺞁  
 ,         
2.
           
    
   -       
5.󼿳    
,  ,  ,      
,        
 
              '  
6.󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔   
               ,  
 
 
 ,   ,      '  
                  
7.󺫨󺫩󺫪     
           
  ,     ,   -  

            
8.󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉   
  ,    ,       
 
    

          
       ,       
9.󷨤󷨪󷨥󷨦󷨧󷨨󷨩     
            
    
    
   
             
10.󷸌󷸍      
 ,          
,  ,         
2.
             
󷧤󷧥󷧦󷧧󷧨󷧩  :  
 ,             ,
         ,     
   ,   ,   
    
            ,       
  
?   ' 
       
 -   , 
     
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱 :           
          ,      
      -  ,     -   
 
1.󼰧󼰨󼰩󼰪󼰫󼰬󼰭 
 
           
            
          
   
 ,     ,  ,    
2.󹰼    
          
 
   ,      
    
         ,
   
3.󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀  
    ,    ()  
          ,   
   
 
          
4.󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍    
 ,     ,           
,      ,     
2.
     
       
5.󻥡󻥢󻥣󻥤󻥥󻥦󻥧󻥨󻥩  
             

          
 
  ,            
6.󺫦󺫤󺫥󺫧    
            
       ,      
   ,            
 
7.󹸯󹸭󹸮  
    ,  -     :
     (SPT)  
     
   
     
     
󷩀󷨹󷨺󷨻󷩁󷩂󷨼󷨽󷨾󷨿      
  

 
 ,  
   
  
/ ,    
 
; 

 
 ,   

 
 ,    


  

,   
   
 
 ,   


2.
󷙎󷙐󷙏 :    
          
 -  ,    
                 
     
 
  ,   ,   -  
    ,         
   '   
     ,           

-
3.       :
() 
() 
:󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹     :       

        ...
           ,      
          ,      
  , 
       ,    
  '   
   ,   ,   
,      , ",  
      
 
 ?"
    , “          
  ,              -    
        :          
   
             -    

     
󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷(a)  -    
        ,         
  ,            ,  
,         
2.
󺁩󺁪󺁫󺁬󺁭  
 ,           '     
   , ,     -       ,
  ,   ,      
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔      
    
 -       -  
    :
1.   - , , 
     -       
2.   - , , 
      -        
3.   - , , 
         
 
4.   - , , 
    ,       
5.   - -, , 
            -
 
󺂟󺂠󺂧󺂡󺂢󺂣󺂤󺂥󺂦󺂨    
        :
 ,        ,    
 ,      
 
 ,         
 
            , 
    
󼨐󼨑󼨒   
  
    -       :
   
    
2.
    
 
-   
 
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  :     
     ,             
      ,          
  ,      ,  ,   
 ,            

     ,    , "        
 !"       -           
            
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱()  -    
     ,     
󻦕󻦖󻦗󻦘󻦙󻦚󻦛󻦜  
 ,      
  - ,      
 (2D)  ,  (3D)     ,    


    :
1.   - , , 
:, , , , 
 ,         
2.  - , -, 
:   , , , 
        
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱   
 ?
        2D  (    ) 

 ,   -     ,     
 
2.
  ,             
      ,           
󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷 2D     
 
    -            
    
 -              
  -        -    
- -      
󷗛󷗜    
  ,    ,   
  '    
   ,         , 
    '    
 3D  ,        
 ,     
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳  :      
   ,           
               
               '  
,      ,   '  
                
    
                  , 
      -       
󷆊󷆋󷆌󷆍󷆎󷆏:   
  ,  , , ,     ,   
     ,     :
        ,  ,  
2.
     , ,   3D  
  ,             
     
    
   ,           
 : "
    
 - 
      "
4.      
:󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 
:      
  ,          -
 ,               , 
            -    
  ,         '      :
"  -     "
   ,      , ",     ?"
   
  , ",      
  

         ,          
 "
           ,     ,  
, ,   ,         
 
!
󷖍󷖎󷖏󷖐󷖑   ?
                  
    
               
  ,       
           -  -  
     (    ),    (),  
               
󺁮󺁯󺁰    :
2.
         (12-   ),  
  :
󽄬󽄭󽄮󽄯󽄰--  :
1.   '    
2.    12     (  ' )
3.        
     , 
,      
󷆊󷆋󷆌󷆍󷆎󷆏   3   :
󺭫1.   ( )
          
  



󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾     ""  
  '       ,   
 
2.
󺭫2.   (   )
           
 +  = 
 +  = 
 +  =  ()
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  '       
󺭫3.     (-)
                 
        
:
 +  = -
 +  = -
 +  = -
 +  = -
 +  = -
 +  = -
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  '         
    12          
󼨐󼨑󼨒 :   
   ,            
      ,           
  ,          , "   
  
  ?"
   , "
,  ,           
 ,    !"
󼯀󼯁󼯂  ' :
2.
            
󷃆󼽢  ( )
  '     
:
 
 
 
               
 
󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷:            
󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉  (-- )
  '     
:
 - 
 - - - 
       ,         
      
󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷: , -       
󷅑  (   )
  '   ' 
:
 -  - 
 -  - 
      
 
󷇍󷇑󷇎󷇏󷇒󷆱󷇐   :
2.
          
  (, , ):       ,  
  
  (, , ):       ,  
    
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾         (    )
         (    )
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀   :
             
        
  +           
 ()    /   
  ( )  
  ( )  
 ,  ,  ,         

󷨲󷨳󷨸󷨴󷨵󷨶󷨷      :
1.  :    ,       
  
2.  :     
3.  :         
4.   :     
5. :     '       
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇   
    ,            , 
   ,             
      
2.
       , " 
       !"
   
  , "         
             ?"
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷     (   !):
               

 
 ,        
      
      
        
 
 , , , ,         !
-
5.        
:󻚠󻚡󻚢󻚣󻚤󻚥󻚦󻚧󻚫󻚨󻚩󻚪󻚬󻚭󻚮󻚯:          
     -   ,         
                  
 ,          , "    -
             
"  ,   
,         
,          ,    
   
    
          
   
 ,  
          
  
󹸯󹸭󹸮  ?
        -      , ,
,   -     ,   ,      

               ,  
           
2.
  :
                
 
    
  ,       
      ,  
, , ,     
   
󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍   
            :
:-      ,      ..
     
:   
;         ,
, COVID-19,   
:             
 
:            :
 (   )
    ,   ,      
󼫴󼫵󼫶󼫷󼫹󼫸󼫺   ?
              
   :
 ( )
( )
    
    
  
     ,           
       ,      
󹹋󹹌  :    
 ?
     '   -   ,       
 :
1.󻧀󻧁󻧂󻧃󻧄󻧅󻧆󻧇󻧈󻩈󻩉󻧲󻧳󻧴󻧵󻧶󻧷󻧸󻧹󻩊󻩋󻩌󻧺󻧻󻧼  
2.
 , ,      
   
 
   (  )   (     
) 
 
:
       
           
2.󷬋󷬆󷬌󷬇󷬈󷬉󷬍󷬊  -
    ,   , , ,     
          
 
:
    
    
    
3.󼪦󼪧󼪩󼪨󼪪󼪫󼪬 
            
 :



   '       
4.󷑏󷑐󷑍󷑎 
 ,  ,   ,           
 
:
      
      
  ,   ,           

2.
5.󷈪󷈫󷈬󷈭 
  , ,        -  

 
    :
..

COVID-19
      
6.󼪚󼪛󼪜󼪝󼪞 -
 ,  ,      
     '   ,     
 
              
7.󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀     
    , ,       

         
       
 -       
8.󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍    
    HIV, ,   B        
   
             
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇  :     
 ,               
       ?      
  , 
                  
,   -   
     ,      ,    
              - 
   

,    -    
2.
󼨐󼨑󼨒     
  
     :
   ,       
  (  COVID-19)   
      
      ,   - 
   
 ,          :
   
 
,           
    '     
   
 -   
󷃆󼽢 :   
    ,    
  , ,    
         - ,    
 
      ,  
   
 - 
, ,       
6.              ?
:󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉 ,  ,   :   
  ,             , 
        -   ,   , 
          ,        
   
,            , ,    
  ,                 
          "   
," 
 "   "
   
         '     -  

,
 

,        
 '    
:   
 
2.
          ,   , 
 
󻚖󻚗󻚘󻚙󻚚󻚛󻚞󻚟󻚜󻚝 :     ?
     ,     
   '   
 -        
     ,            (
)   
              :
1.   (  )
2.   (  )
3.  
4.  
5.  
,     ,         ?
   
 :         
      ,         
     10  18       
,          ,      
           ,       
    
󹺧󹺨󹺩󹺪󹺫   ' 
     ,            
           ,      
                
  :
 
  
 
2.
 

 ,     
  ,     ,  ,  
    ,              

󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂   -   
1.  :   
2.  ():   
3. :           
 
4. :             
5.   :     
6. : , , , 
󺫨󺫩󺫪     ?
       
     , "
    
 ,  
          
,    
"
     -           
 
1.      -  
   :  (  )     
         ,        
   :          
    
 
    :DEET  citronella    
  '    
2.
2.      
           , ,    
   ,       ()  
       : ,    
 '  
     :           
  
   :          
       
3.  -  (IRS)
      '         
           '  
                
 
4.    ()
    -         
            
       
  ,    :
-   (ACT)
 (.    )
 (-    )
5.     
       
     
   
   :
 ,         -  
           
2.
     
       
,           
󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍:      ?
,     ,   RTS,S/AS01 ( Mosquirix    ) 
                
      ,     
            
󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃   
- 
 ,             
                 
          '  
  -,               

  ,     -    
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍
             
  ,               
 ,           -   , 
  - 
        
   ,  
 ,    ,  
 
   
-
7.              

:󷏭󷏮󷏲󷏳󷏯󷏴󷏰󷏵󷏶󷏷󷏸󷏱        :       
2.
      , " "      
           , 
            ?     
              -     
     ,  ,      
              , 
  ,      " "    
   '    
,     
    
           
     
    , 
         
    ,           
  
󷑏󷑐󷑍󷑎   
  
      -         
       -     
   
      
   ,  ?
      
 -   ,    
         , , ,  , 
        
󷏹󷏺󷏻󷏼    
               
        
 
1.󼪦󼪧󼪩󼪨󼪪󼪫󼪬  :    
   ,    ,     ,  -
           
     -        
 
  :      ,      
   ,      
2.󼩼󼩽󼩾󼩿   
 ,   ,          
 
    ' - ,       
  
2.
         
  
:-          ,  

3.󻑽󻑾󻑿 3  3:     
         
             
      ,          

   :             
    
    
      
       
4.󽅀     - 
             
      -    

?   (    )        
 
5.󹺁󹺂  '  
          -   
 
 :      75°C    
      ,   ,    
 :         -    
6.󷃆󺡌󺡍   
     ,         
  ,       
 :             
7.󷏹󷏺󷏻󷏼     
    (     ')    ,     
:
    
2.
      
    (       ')     

  '       
󻦕󻦖󻦗󻦘󻦙󻦚󻦛󻦜   
 -             
    - 
           
     
1.󽅀     
, ,        C    ' 

           
        '    
 : "  ,     "
2.󺫮󺫫󺫬󺫭 -    
             
  , -         
  ,  :              
    
3.󹻩󹻦󹻧󹻨󹻪FIFO     ( ,  )
          ,    
 
           
4.󻥡󻥢󻥣󻥤󻥥󻥦󻥧󻥨󻥩     
, ,         
          
 :          -    ' 
 
5.󷰕󷰖󷰗󷰘   
         
2.
        
   , ,  -   
6.󹲽󹳉󹳊󹳋󹳌󹳍󹳎󹳔󹳕󹳏󹳐󹳑󹳒󹳖󹳓󹳗       '  
- '   ,      
             -    


7.󻦕󻦖󻦗󻦘󻦙󻦚󻦛󻦜       
          
          -     


       
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹   
           ,      
          
 -       
      
          , 
 ,        
    
 ,  ,    -    
    
      
8.        
: 󷆖󷆗󷆙󷆚󷆛󷆜󷆘-:      
    ,             , 
            ,       
   -          ,       
,        ,        
               
 
       -   ,    
       
;       
,
,        ,     '    - ,
, , ,         
,               -  ,
        
2.
󹰼     
?
 '   ,         

 :  ,        
 
  :           

  :     ,      
   
  :           
     
     
,            
󷅑 1:  -   
      -            -
 
  :      , ,  ,     
  
:       
,     ,   , ,       
󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉 2:  -   
,       ,         ,
,         
  :         
 
:          
       ,       

󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀 3:    -   
2.
            
( )     
:        -  
 
:   (    )      
 -   
      -           
      ,         
: -             
󼰧󼰨󼰩󼰪󼰫󼰬󼰭 4:  -     
  ,             
  :        
:     
                 
    '  
󼪦󼪧󼪩󼪨󼪪󼪫󼪬 5:  -  
       ,         
      
  :    (  '   ) 
  

:  ,     
       :
     
          
      
   ,           ,   
  '   ,        
󻚠󻚡󻚢󻚣󻚤󻚥󻚦󻚧󻚫󻚨󻚩󻚪󻚬󻚭󻚮󻚯 6:  -  
2.
            '   
    
  :  -    
:,     
-               
               
    '     -   
󻥡󻥢󻥣󻥤󻥥󻥦󻥧󻥨󻥩 :     -  
  ',        (      ),
     
  :         
:       
         
      
 
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀 : pH 
 ,             , pH  
        
:        
󷃆󺡌󺡍 :   
    ,            ,   ,
        
  
         - , ,  
       
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹:   '  
         :
1.  -   
2. -   
2.
3.   -     
4.     
5.  -   
6. -  
7. (

) -  
8. (

)pH  -  
9.   -     
󷩀󷨹󷨺󷨻󷩁󷩂󷨼󷨽󷨾󷨿   :           

   ,     
      
   , 
NGO                 
   :     ,   ,   
,            ,    
      
       
  -   ' 
󺠣󺠤󺠥󺠦󺠧󺠨 
      ?
  ,      :
     (    )
  
      
  (    )  
󼨐󼨑󼨒:     
 -   
        
 -         

         ,      , 
  ,           
 ,    
   ,       -  
-      ,     
2.
    
 -      , 
      
   
"               

       ,         "